1 前言
说真的，我是真的不想看构建了，因为真的太多了。又多又乱。Maven、Gradle、Make、CMake、Meson、Ninja，Android BP。。。感觉学不完，根本学不完。。。
但是没办法最近又要用一下Maven，所以咬着牙再简单整理一下。
安装：
sudo apt update
sudo apt install maven
mvn -v功能：
| 功能 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 📦 依赖管理 | 自动下载并管理第三方 JAR 包 |
| 🔨 项目构建 | 编译 Java、打包成 JAR/WAR 等 |
| 📁 项目结构标准化 | 统一目录结构，便于协作 |
| 🔁 生命周期管理 | 统一管理编译、测试、打包、部署流程 |
| 📜 插件系统 | 可通过插件扩展（如编译器、测试、部署） |
核心就是POM（Project Object Model），一个XML配置文件。然后maven工具读取这个xml，根据上面的配置进行处理。
maven有三个生命周期
clean生命周期: clean
|
default生命周期: validate → compile → test → package → verify → install → deploy
|
site生命周期:site→ site-deploy 生成文档部署文档
所以典型命令是：
mvn clean package这个命令就是首先清理之前的构建，再进行新的打包。
三个周期中最重要的是default周期，命令如下：
| 阶段（Phase） | 作用 |
|---|---|
compile | 编译源码 |
test | 编译并运行单元测试 |
package | 打包（生成 JAR/WAR） |
install | 安装到本地仓库 |
deploy | 部署到远程仓库 |
2 一些实际例子
2.1 Hello
代码结构：
helloworld/
├── pom.xml
└── src/
└── main/
└── java/
└── com/example/
└── App.java
pom.xml：
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>helloworld</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><packaging>jar</packaging><name>HelloWorld</name><build><plugins><!-- 编译和运行入口 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>17</source><target>17</target></configuration></plugin></plugins></build>
</project>
App.java
package com.example;public class App {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("Hello, Maven!");}
}
编译打包命令是mvn package
从log可以看出，maven自动下载的内容真的非常多。
ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ mvn package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< com.example:helloworld >-----------------------
[INFO] Building HelloWorld 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.6/maven-resources-plugin-2.6.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-resources-plugin/2.6/maven-resources-plugin-2.6.pom (8.1 kB at 2.7 kB/s)...Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.5.0/plexus-utils-3.5.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-api/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-api-2.13.0.jar (27 kB at 4.9 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-manager/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-manager-2.13.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-manager/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-manager-2.13.0.jar (4.7 kB at 735 B/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-javac/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-javac-2.13.0.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-compiler-javac/2.13.0/plexus-compiler-javac-2.13.0.jar (23 kB at 2.4 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/commons-io/commons-io/2.6/commons-io-2.6.jar (215 kB at 21 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.5.0/plexus-utils-3.5.0.jar (267 kB at 16 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/ow2/asm/asm/9.4/asm-9.4.jar (122 kB at 6.3 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/thoughtworks/qdox/qdox/2.0.3/qdox-2.0.3.jar (334 kB at 13 kB/s)
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module! :source
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding UTF-8, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file with javac [debug target 17] to target/classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ helloworld ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory /home/ubuntu/java/src/test/resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.11.0:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ helloworld ---
[INFO] No sources to compile
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ helloworld ---
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-plugin-api/2.0.9/maven-plugin-api-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-plugin-api/2.0.9/maven-plugin-api-2.0.9.pom (1.5 kB at 3.9 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven/2.0.9/maven-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven/2.0.9/maven-2.0.9.pom (19 kB at 14 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-parent/8/maven-parent-8.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-parent/8/maven-parent-8.pom (24 kB at 9.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/apache/4/apache-4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/apache/4/apache-4.pom (4.5 kB at 1.7 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-booter/2.12.4/surefire-booter-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-booter/2.12.4/surefire-booter-2.12.4.pom (3.0 kB at 2.4 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-api/2.12.4/surefire-api-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-api/2.12.4/surefire-api-2.12.4.pom (2.5 kB at 2.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/maven-surefire-common/2.12.4/maven-surefire-common-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/surefire/maven-surefire-common/2.12.4/maven-surefire-common-2.12.4.pom (5.5 kB at 4.8 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-annotations/3.1/maven-plugin-annotations-3.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-annotations/3.1/maven-plugin-annotations-3.1.pom (1.6 kB at 2.1 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-tools/3.1/maven-plugin-tools-3.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/plugin-tools/maven-plugin-tools/3.1/maven-plugin-tools-3.1.pom (16 kB at 8.4 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-artifact/2.0.9/maven-artifact-2.0.9.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/apache/maven/maven-artifact/2.0.9/maven-artifact-2.0.9.pom (1.6 kB at 4.3 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0.8/plexus-utils-3.0.8.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0.8/plexus-utils-3.0.8.pom (3.1 kB at 4.3 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus/3.2/plexus-3.2.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus/3.2/plexus-3.2.pom (19 kB at 16 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/sonatype/spice/spice-parent/17/spice-parent-17.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/sonatype/spice/spice-parent/17/spice-parent-17.pom (6.8 kB at 11 kB/s)...Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-archiver/2.1/plexus-archiver-2.1.jar (184 kB at 19 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/org/codehaus/plexus/plexus-utils/3.0/plexus-utils-3.0.jar (226 kB at 15 kB/s)
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/commons-lang/commons-lang/2.1/commons-lang-2.1.jar (208 kB at 9.8 kB/s)
[INFO] Building jar: /home/ubuntu/java/target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 04:17 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2025-06-01T22:14:24+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
编译完成之后直接用java运行即可。
ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ java -cp target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.example.App
Hello, Maven!
2.2 添加第三方依赖（如 Gson）
在pom.xml中增加，并且指示编译成fat jar
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>helloworld</artifactId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version><packaging>jar</packaging><name>HelloWorld</name><dependencies><dependency><groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId><artifactId>gson</artifactId><version>2.10.1</version></dependency></dependencies><build><plugins><!-- Java 编译器插件 --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId><version>3.11.0</version><configuration><source>17</source><target>17</target></configuration></plugin><!-- 打包为 fat jar --><plugin><groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId><artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId><version>3.5.0</version><executions><execution><phase>package</phase><goals><goal>shade</goal></goals><configuration><transformers><transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer"><mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass></transformer></transformers></configuration></execution></executions></plugin></plugins></build>
</project>修改代码App.java
package com.example;
import com.google.gson.Gson;public class App {public static void main(String[] args) {Gson gson = new Gson();String json = gson.toJson(new int[]{1, 2, 3});System.out.println(json); // 输出：[1,2,3]}
}
之后编译时会自动下载新的依赖。
buntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ mvn package
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< com.example:helloworld >-----------------------
[INFO] Building HelloWorld 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.pom (9.4 kB at 1.0 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson-parent/2.10.1/gson-parent-2.10.1.pom
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson-parent/2.10.1/gson-parent-2.10.1.pom (13 kB at 5.2 kB/s)
Downloading from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.jar
Downloaded from central: https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/google/code/gson/gson/2.10.1/gson-2.10.1.jar (283 kB at 10.0 kB/s)
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ helloworld ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (UTF-8 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory /home/ubuntu/java/src/main/resources
运行：
ubuntu@VM-8-10-ubuntu:~/java$ java -cp target/helloworld-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar com.example.App
[1,2,3]
2.3 多POM
项目结构：
myproject/
├── pom.xml <-- 父项目
├── module-a/
│ └── pom.xml
└── module-b/
└── pom.xml
父pom.xml
<modules><module>module-a</module><module>module-b</module>
</modules>
3 对比
最后列一下这一堆构建工具的对比。
| 特性/工具 | Maven | Gradle | Make | CMake | Meson | Ninja |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 🔧 主要用于语言 | Java, Kotlin | Java, Kotlin, Groovy | C/C++、Fortran | C/C++、CUDA | C/C++、Python、Rust 等 | C/C++（需搭配生成器） |
| ⚙️ 配置方式 | XML | Groovy/Kotlin DSL | 手写 Makefile | CMakeLists.txt（专有语法） | meson.build（Python-like） | .ninja（自动生成） |
| 📦 依赖管理 | ✅ 内置依赖管理（Maven Central） | ✅ 更灵活支持 Maven/Gradle 仓库 | ❌ 无内置 | ❌ 无，依赖手动或外部工具 | 🔄 可接入 wrapdb、pkg-config | ❌ 无 |
| 🚀 性能 | 较慢（XML解析、顺序执行） | 快（增量构建、多线程） | 慢（无并行、无依赖缓存） | 中等（生成效率好，构建慢） | 快（配合 Ninja 后端） | 极快（专注高效执行） |
| 🔁 增量构建 | 支持（但较粗） | ✅ 高级支持（内建缓存） | ❌ 无内建 | ❌ 无内建 | ✅ 支持 | ✅ 由生成器控制 |
| 🧱 多模块支持 | ✅ 优秀 | ✅ 优秀 | ❌ 需手动 | ✅ 通过 add_subdirectory | ✅ 支持 | ❌ 不支持 |
| 🔌 插件/扩展 | ✅ 丰富插件系统 | ✅ 插件和自定义 Task 多 | ❌ 无插件 | ✅ 一些模块 | 少量内建模块 | ❌ 无插件系统 |
| 📚 文档与社区 | 📘 成熟，企业多 | 📘 成熟，现代项目多 | 📙 历史悠久 | 📘 主流开源工具使用 | 📘 新兴，GN、Gnome 使用 | 📙 少，偏底层 |
| 📈 学习曲线 | 中（XML配置略繁琐） | 中高（DSL强大但复杂） | 低（语法简单） | 中（语法非标准） | 低-中（简洁清晰） | 低（但手动写复杂） |
| 🧩 常用场景 | Java EE、Spring Boot 项目 | Android、Kotlin、Java 项目 | Linux 内核、小项目 | Qt、Vulkan、LLVM 项目 | GNOME、系统包项目 | Chromium、LLVM 构建后端 |
选用指南
| 你是… | 推荐工具 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| Java 开发者 | Maven 或 Gradle | Java 生态标准构建工具 |
| Android 开发者 | Gradle | Android Studio 默认工具，支持 DSL |
| C/C++ 项目开发者 | CMake + Ninja | 广泛支持 IDE，效率高 |
| 嵌入式或 Linux 驱动开发者 | Make | 简洁、可控，资源占用少 |
| 现代 C/C++ 工程、GNOME/GTK | Meson + Ninja | 更快、更现代的构建系统 |
| 要最高性能的构建执行 | Ninja | 超快速构建执行器（需搭配生成器使用） |
![[yolov11改进系列]基于yolov11引入上下文锚点注意力CAA的python源码+训练源码](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/direct/c4b4ac39dd5642428f257878596ec4ff.jpeg)
